Looking for a digital pressure gauge in 2017? Look no further

Many methods have been worked on for the measurement of pressure and vacuum. Instruments used to measure and display pressure in an integral unit are called pressure gauges or vacuum gauges. A manometer is a good example as it uses a column of liquid to both measure and point to pressure. Likewise the widely used Bourdon gauge is a mechanical device which both measures and indicates, and is most likely the best recognized kind of gauge. A vacuum gauge is a complete pressure gauge used to measure the pressures lower than the ambient atmospheric pressure. Other techniques of pressure measurement involve sensors which can transmit the pressure reading to a remote display or control system. The zero reference in use is typically implied by perspective, and these words are added only when clarification is obliged. Tire pressure and blood pressure are gauge pressures by conference, while atmospheric pressures, deep vacuum pressures, and altimeter pressures must be complete.
For most working fluids where a liquid exists in a closed system, gauge pressure measurement prevails. Pressure instruments connected to the system will point to pressures relative to the current atmospheric pressure. The situation changes when extreme vacuum pressures are calculated, complete pressures are usually used instead. Differential pressures are usually used in industrial procedure systems. Differential pressure gauges have two inlet ports, each connected to one of the volumes whose pressure is to be monitored. Effectively, such a gauge performs the mathematical operation of subtraction through mechanical means, obviating the need for an operator or control system to watch two separate gauges and find out the difference in readings.
Average vacuum pressure readings may be ambiguous without the correct perspective, as they may represent complete pressure or gauge pressure without a negative sign. a vacuum of 26 inHg gauge is equivalent to an complete pressure of 30 inHg common atmospheric pressure −, 26 inHginHg. Atmospheric pressure is usually about 100 kPa at sea level, but is variable with altitude and weather. If the complete pressure of a liquid stays constant, the gauge pressure of the same liquid will differ as atmospheric pressure changes. as an example, when a car drives up a mountain, the gauge tire pressure goes up because atmospheric pressure goes down. The complete pressure in the tire is generally unchanged.

Using atmospheric pressure as reference is typically signified by a g for gauge after the digital pressure unit, 70 psig, which means that the pressure calculated is the total pressure minus atmospheric pressure. There are two types of gauge reference pressure: vented gauge vg and sealed gauge. A vented gauge pressure transmitter as an example lets the outside air pressure to be exposed to the negative side of the pressure sensing diaphragm, via a vented cable or a hole on the side of the device, so that it generally calculates the pressure referred to ambient barometric pressure. Vented gauge reference pressure sensor should generally read zero pressure when the procedure pressure connection is held open to the air.
A sealed gauge reference is alike except that atmospheric pressure is sealed on the negative side of the diaphragm. This is typically adopted on high pressure ranges like hydraulics where atmospheric pressure changes will have a negligible effect on the accuracy of the reading, so venting isn't needed. This also lets some manufacturers to offer secondary pressure containment as another precaution for pressure equipment safety if the burst pressure of the main pressure sensing diaphragm is exceeded.
There's another way of creating a sealed gauge reference and this is to seal a high vacuum on the reverse side of the sensing diaphragm. Then the output signal is offshoot so the pressure sensor reads close to zero when measuring atmospheric pressure.

A sealed gauge reference pressure transducer will never read exactly zero because atmospheric pressure is generally changing and the reference in this case is fixed at one bar. To produce a complete pressure sensor the maker will seal a high vacuum behind the sensing diaphragm. If the procedure pressure connection of an complete pressure transmitter is open to the air, it'll read the real barometric pressure.

A change in the kitchen

A kitchen revamp is a daunting prospect. So many options ­ and so expensive! You don't want to make the wrong decisions. A kitchen is hardly a scatter cushion that you can simply replace ­ and it's where family and friends gather, so you can't just close the door if you don't like what you see. And that's where this kitchen guide comes in. Over the years, we've featured many impressive kitchens in Home, and we're always finding new ones that are bound to inspire. So we decided to compile a guide for readers planning a renovation or simply dreaming of one; a guide that contains all the information you'll need and plenty of inspiration from real reader kitchens. Plus some nifty quick fixes if you're not yet ready to fork out the big bucks (see page 98). From finishes and flooring to pendant lights, countertops, taps and tiles ­ we've got it all. And in addition to five striking (and diverse) new kitchens, we show you the 15 most beautiful ones we've featured in Home over the years ­ those that have really got people talking. In this issue, I also show you my own kitchen. After an editor's note last year in which I described my (too) large kitchen island, a reader asked when I would show it off. Well, here it is. The island is still too big but believe me, it quickly becomes cluttered when I start cooking and friends come to visit... Co-incidentally, the other day I received a report in my inbox from some or other world authority who spoke in London on what students need in order to study. No more reading, writing and arithmetic. No: "Communication, Critical Thinking, Creativity and Collaboration," he said. I wonder if he ­ his name is Elhadj As Sy ­ has perhaps revamped a kitchen lately? Because these sound exactly like the skills you need for such a project: Communication: with the cabinet-maker, of course, and the electrician, builder and plumber. The fab foursome who have to ensure, for example, that the tap for the washing machine is indeed inside the cupboard in which the machine will be cleverly concealed and not 10cm to the right in the gap for the refrigerator. True story; it happened to me. Can I just say that I really tried. All together at the same time in the kitchen for a so-called "site meeting". Marks were made on the walls, the spot for wall sockets and taps carefully indicated with crosses... And then? Mis communication. Critical thinking ? Sure. Remember the triangle principle: stove, sink and refrigerator all in close proximity. It works. But ignore naysayers who claim that white kitchens are too clinical, wooden countertops are not hygienic, that kitchens will of necessity cost an arm and a leg... Creativity. No, not just in terms of your choice of colours and finishes, but in terms of how much you twist the truth, shamelessly, when you discuss deadlines with the contractors. Because, really, how long can you wash dishes in a bowl, or cook food on the blue Cadac gas cylinder? A deadline for a building project always arrives sooner than the work is completed. And finally: Collaboration. In kitchen language it simply means: go with the flow. Don't work against the circumstances, but with them. There is always a situation. Always. Take the dog for a walk before someone trips over him. Refill the Cadac cylinder. Pour more wine. Work together! Enjoy this issue and send us all your questions and comments ­ and, of course, photos of your masterpiece. BUSINESS Freakalee Ceramics WHO Lee Hensberg WHERE Port Elizabeth HER WORK Lee's beautiful hand-painted tiles will add plenty of personality to your kitchen ­ whether you use them as a border, a funky splashback or wall art. Even though Lee took Ceramics as a subject during her Fine Arts studies, she only fell in love with clay about 10 years ago. Since then, this passion has blossomed into a business. "I love each new day in my studio, where I turn ordinary objects into something extraordinary," she says. Both Lee's bespoke ceramics (for galleries and exhibitions) and daily ware ranges (the 9 x 9cm tiles shown here are R100 each) are hand-painted. "I draw inspiration from the South African landscape, fauna and flora as well as personal influences," she explains. Freakalee Ceramics are available at shops in Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, East London, Hermanus and Swakopmund ­ and Lee also exports worldwide. When Marié and her family moved to Stellenbosch three years ago, they knew their home needed a lot of work ­ the kitchen and adjacent living room were in dire need of a facelift. "All our freestanding cupboards came with us to Stellenbosch and were used again here," she says. "We also acquired a few new ones, such as the green cupboard, the open shelf on the wall and my mother-in-law's big white cupboard. It's taken almost a year since the completion of our project to get the kitchen as it is today, with everything in its place as we like it!" This kitchen works well for the family of six. "It complements our house and it was wonderful to watch it take shape organically over time."